Any part of the body can touch the ball, but the ball must be hit and cannot be caught or thrown, otherwise it is a holding foul.
Methods for judging holding fouls:
(1) Holding fouls are judged by the first referee, and other referees are not allowed to judge holding fouls or show gestures.
(2) The main basis for judging holding is whether the ball is stagnant on the body. A legal hit is a single hit and rebound action, while a holding foul is to first stop the ball (catch or throw it) and then hit it out.
(3) The first referee should determine the judgment of holding according to the different nature and objects of the game, and master the "scale" of judgment. Make sure both sides are consistent and consistent.
(4) The first referee should make it clear that the purpose of this article is to encourage defense. Therefore, when the athlete hits the ball for the first time or rescues a dangerous ball, the judgment should be relaxed and encouraged.
3. Four hitting fouls with the help of hitting fouls, simultaneous hitting and judging methods:
(1) Each team can hit the ball up to three times (excluding blocking) to hit the ball from above the net to the other side. Hitting more than the specified number of times will be judged as four hitting fouls. The first referee shall make a penalty for four hitting fouls, and the second referee may make a hand signal.
(2) If a player hits the ball with the support of a teammate or any object within the playing field, it is considered a hit with support foul. The first referee shall make a penalty for hit with support foul. If a player runs outside the playing field, such as outside the backstop or in the stands to hit the ball, this behavior is permitted by the rules and should be encouraged.














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